Trainer's library

Trainer's Library

The Trainers Library is the starting point of your Competence+ learning journey. It offers a rich collection of theoretical frameworks, research insights, and practical tools that form the foundation of both Competences+ and Competence D/I projects.

This digital space is designed to help VET trainers deepen their understanding of the key concepts behind inclusion, diversity, and competence development in education and training. Whether you are new to inclusive education or looking to expand your existing knowledge, the Trainers Library provides the essential groundwork before moving into the interactive modules. It enables you to explore the theories, methodologies, and values that underpin the Competence+ approach — preparing you to translate them into real-world teaching and learning experiences.

Mass Transportation

The analysis of safety impacts of automated services, such as these provided by the present study, highlights the need for informed policymaking.

These findings also can be important in specific parts of a wider transport network, where, due to socioeconomic, geographical, practical or other factors MPR may change drastically compared to the average, with the different types of conflicts manifesting there. Read more

This article examined whether the anxiety associated with public transport results in poor work performance. Read more

Although the public transport (PT) commute can form a substantial part of the working day, there is a significant gap in our understanding of how it influences health of those who engage in it.

The purpose of this systematic review was to therefore generate evidence from 1972 about the extent to which the PT commute (involving train, bus, subway, tram, or metro) impacts on the mental health, physical health and well-being of the working people. Read more

The stress of commuting has serious public health and social implications. This survey compare commuter stress across three modes of transportation (walking, driving, and using public transit). Read more

Although travel behavior is expected to influence personal health, few studies have examined associations with mental health. Read more

One of the most common areas in public transit planning that has been under investigation is the inclusion of “social justice”. In its simplest form, social justice demands more equitable access for all residents to resources that are provided by a city.

However, public transit plans are typically guided by maximising tangible measures such as economic growth and efficiency. Read more

The results have allowed us to detect specific aspects to improve the performance and comfort of users and drivers such as the correct location and length of bus stops and enforcing regulation to ensure that buses have priority in traffic and that illegal parking does not interfere with their operations. Read more

Based on the people-environment conceptual framework, this paper measures the level of transport stress experienced by bus commuters and examines its relationship with a wide range of environmental and personal stressors, as well as different stress responses. Read more

Studies on the work and health of bus drivers yield comparable results: high demands, low control and low support. This combination spells stress and, consequently, an increased risk of physical and mental occupational ill health, leading to absenteeism and to decreased productivity of employees and enterprises.

This paper is primarily directed at bus drivers in metropolitan areas, although many of the recommendations made are also valid for rural, long-distance drivers. Read more

Public transport is an effective and sustainable alternative to private vehicle usage, also helping to reduce the environmental impact of driving.

However, the work environment of public transport operators is full of adverse conditions, which, together with their high mileage, may increase the occurrence of negative safety outcomes such as traffic accidents, often preceded by risky road behaviors enhanced by stress, anger, and difficult operating conditions. Read more

In developing countries, driving long-distance buses presents substantial road-traffic challenges. These are intensified by demanding job conditions and job insecurity, potentially leading to increased safety incidents linked to driver fatigue.

This study sought to investigate how driving fatigue mediates the relationship between job demands, job security, and safety incidents among long-distance bus drivers in Ghana. Read more

Environmental Awareness

People must engage beyond consumption politically, socially, and professionally to drive climate action. Post-COVID offers a chance to lock in low-carbon habits and support bold policies. Read more

Our study indicates support for city-level incentives and policies that promote greater carpooling participation, access to public transit for the work commute, and more opportunities to work from home. Read more

Debates in environmental conflicts are very often considered as driven by self-interests of the stakeholders and activist groups involved. While they do actually play an important role, there is little convergence as to what can be understood as a self-interests.

Moreover, their importance for motivating behavior in the course of conflict resolution is largely over-estimated by respondents. Read more

The current era of globalization is characterized by a high degree of interconnectedness across borders and continents, which has become possible through cost-decreasing innovations in and the spread of technologies of communication and transport. The relationship between conflicts and migration is complex. Read more

The impact of transport on the environment is a major issue of worldwide concern. This important new book presents state-of-the-art contributions on spatial and technological aspects of transport in relation to environmental degradation, together with analysis of sustainable transport policy. Read more

Environmental Conflict Management introduces students to the research and practice of environmental conflict and provides a step-by-step process for engaging stakeholders and other interested parties in the management of environmental disputes. Read more

Millions of people across Europe are exposed to harmful noise levels from transport sources, making noise one of the leading environmental health risks in Europe. Read more

Rapid urbanization places a huge demand for infrastructure on busy city roads, exposing commuters to the health risks of atmospheric air pollutants. Traffic-related air pollution causes significant health burdens worldwide and enormous economic losses. Both short- and long-term exposures to atmospheric air pollutants cause a range of adverse health effects on people who commute. Read more

We are experiencing a shift in thinking about Transportation and Mobility, which makes this Special Issue on Sustainable Transportation and Health in the International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health especially timely. Read more

This paper examines the performance of bus rapid transit (BRT) systems in over-crowded travel corridors. Read  more

By 2050, nearly 70% of the global population is projected to live in urban areas. Because the environments we inhabit affect our health, urban and transport designs that promote healthy living are needed. Read more

Conflict Resolution

Paper with study results about characteristics of conflicts between drivers and passengers Chen, Qun and Tang, Yi and Ye, Shi (2024)

This publication represents the UN Environmental Programme’s response to the growing worldwide interest in further exploring the environment and security nexus and the contribution of timely and credible assessments to conflict prevention. Read more

The first objective of this research was to examine the level of stress caused by commuting into Dublin city centre. The second objective was to determine the value placed on the comfort and reliability of public transport services. Read more

Conflicts around transport mega-projects, driven by social and environmental impacts, are increasingly prevalent around the world. While environmental impacts have received significant attention, less is known about how the intangible social impacts of these projects stimulate conflict. Read more

The decisions on concessional transportation in relation to the implementation of a new alternative to the existing one, especially in developing countries are a cause of debate and disagreement. In the absence of measures for solving these differences, the result is a lack of action that delays important decisions on this matter. Read more

Moral courage

Sasse, Julia (2024): This article explores the concept of moral courage, highlighting factors that deter individuals from intervening in wrongful situations. Greater Good Magazine

THINK Transport and Health Integrated Research Network: Bystander intervention against gendered harassment and gender-based violence in public transport. A guide for bystander trainers and campaigners. Read more

This Open Access book explores the role of morality in social movements. Read more

The morality of people who use public transport to return lost but found items. Read more

Over the past several years, there has been considerable debate surrounding ethical decision making in situations resulting in inevitable casualties. Given enough time and all other things being equal, studies show that drivers will typically decide to strike the fewest number of pedestrians in scenarios where there is a choice between striking several versus one or no pedestrians. Read more

Stress Management

Introduction Negative impacts of long commuting time on people’s well-being have been found in many suburbanized private car-dominant cities. However, there is a dearth of evidence regarding this association in a compact city with a well-developed public transport system.

Taking Hong Kong as an example, the current study aims to explore the associations between modes of transport and commuting time with well-being. Read more

Based on the people-environment conceptual framework, this paper measures the level of transport stress experienced by bus commuters and examines its relationship with a wide range of environmental and personal stressors, as well as different stress responses. Read more

Transport stress is a pervasive phenomenon in big cities, and can lead to various negative impacts on health and well-being. Read more

The quality of the public transport system is an important factor in determining passenger travel satisfaction and it leads to a better quality of life. Quality of life depends on the quality of services provided in the city. Satisfaction is strongly related to the perception of the users. Read more

This chapter discusses various aspects of stress arising from transportation and in particular the motor vehicle. Transport, especially the motor vehicle, is a major source of environmental disruption. It is also a major consumer of raw materials and energy. Read more

Use of Virtual Reality

This project combined methodology, guidelines, and practical steps to equip VET educators with all the necessary information and a VR practice simulator to effectively integrate Virtual Reality into their teaching.

Competence + D/I Material

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